IOKit包含两种驱动：特定设备驱动与连接点（nub）。后者作为附着点，允许驱动与创建者通信，形成提供者-客户链。以PCI以太网卡为例：IOPCIBridge驱动扫描总线，为每个设备创建IOPCIDevice连接点；以太网卡驱动附着至连接点，通过它调用IOPCIBridge提供的功能，同时创建自己的IOEthernetInterface连接点供上层网络栈使用。
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，更多细节参见有道翻译
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Phase 1: The attack hits. The d20 lands, the DM compares it to Armor Class — hit or miss. But the target might cast Shield (+5 AC, potentially flipping the hit to a miss). A Bard’s Cutting Words subtracts a die from the roll. All of this happens after the roll but before the hit is confirmed.